Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four  alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes  the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us. Which of the following words is related to the natural phenomena? (　　　)

A. Father.                                                        B. Fire.

C. Evil.                                                             D. Old.

2. The differences between sound and form are due to the following EXCEPT ______. (　　　)

A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English

B. stabilization of spelling by printing

C. influence of the work of scribes

D. innovations made by linguists

3. There are______ functional words in the following sentence: It is fun to play with children. (　　　)

A. 3                                                                B. 4

C. 5                                                                D. 6

4. The surviving languages fall into eight principal groups. Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian belong to the set. (　　　)

A. Eastern                                                        B. Southern

C. Western                                                       D. Northern

5. With the growth of______, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the  globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. (　　　)

A. civilization                                                   B. revolution

C. colonization                                                 D. industrialization

6. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (　　　)

A. English is more closely related to German than French.

B. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.

C. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed  from Latin and Scandinavian.

D. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in  word endings.

7. The word 'recollection' comprises ______morpheme(s). (　　　)

A. 1                                                                B. 2

C. 3                                                                D. 4

8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT______. (　　　)

A. happier                                                        B. worker

C. harder                                                         D. taller

9. Which of the following words is a root? (　　　)

A. International.                                                B. Nation.

C. National.                                                      D. Internationalists.

10. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on ______. (　　　)

A. borrowing                                                   B. semantic change

C. word-formation                                            D. reviving archaic words

11. The word 'brainstorming' belongs to ______ .(　　　)

A. adjective compounds                                    B. noun compounds

C. verb compounds                                          D. adverb compounds

12. ______does not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modifies its meaning. (　　　)

A. Prefixation                                                   B. Suffixation

C. Affixation                                                    D. Derivation

13. A word is the combination of form and______. (　　　)

A. spelling                                                        B. pronunciation

C. meaning                                                      D. sound

14. ______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.(　　　)

A. Reference                                                    B. Concept

C. Sense                                                          D. Motivation

15. The meaning given in the dictionary and forming the core of word-meaning is ______. (　　　)

A. grammatical meaning                                    B. lexical meaning

C. conceptual meaning                                      D. associative meaning

16. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called ______. (　　　)

A. derivation                                                    B. deterioration

C. purification                                                  D. pejoration

17. One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more ______ than ______ in it. (　　　)

A. hyponyms ... homonyms                               B. homonyms ... hyponyms

C. synonyms ... antonyms                                 D. antonyms ...synonyms

18. Relative synonyms also called______ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but  embrace different degrees of a given quality. (　　　)

A. close-synonyms                                           B. respondent-synonyms

C. near-synonyms                                            D. dependent-synonyms

19. Angel, martyr and paradise have their meaning______ because of the influence of Christianity. (　　　)

A. elevated                                                       B. degraded

C. narrowed                                                     D. extended

20. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and______.(　　　)

A. sense                                                          B. reference

C. association                                                   D. transfer

21. The well-known semanticist Ullmann notes, 'language is more______ than civilization, material as well as moral.' (　　　)

A. creative                                                       B. conservative

C. radical                                                         D. constructive

22. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of context? (　　　)

A. Linguistic context.                                        B. Non-linguistic context.

C. Extra-linguistic context.                                D. Intra-linguistic context.

23. Which of the following may NOT lead to ambiguity? (　　　)

A. Grammatical structure.                                 B. Polysemy.

C. Antonymy.                                                   D. Hyponymy.

24. Which of the following is NOT true about linguistic context? (　　　)

A. It can be subdivided into grammatical context and lexical context.

B. It embraces the people, time and place.

C. It refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.

D. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.

25. The idiom 'live by one's pen' is a ______as far as figures of speech are concerned.(　　　)

A. simile                                                          B. metaphor

C. metonymy                                                   D. personification

26. 'Cut and driect' is an idiom ______in nature. (　　　)

A. verbal                                                          B. nominal

C. adjectival                                                     D. adverbial

27. The change of idiom 'A round peg in the squarest of holes' from the original form is ______.(　　　)

A. dismembering                                              B. position-shifting

C. addition                                                       D. shortening

28. According to the textbook, the best-known unabridged dictionary is______. (　　　)

A. The Word Book Dictionary

B. The Encyclopedia Americana

C. Webster's New World Dictionary

D. Webster's Third New International Dictionary

29. Which of the following dictionaries is NOT a bilingual dictionary? (　　　)

A. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation.

B. A New English-Chinese Dictionary.

C. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.

D. A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995).

30. Which of the following is true about an American Dictionary? (　　　)

A. It is always better than a British dictionary.

B. It contains more encyclopedic information in the main body.

C. One can never expect to find British usages in it.

D. It includes more grammatical information.

Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words  or expressions according to the course book. (15%)

31. A word is a ______ form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic  function.

32. In the Middle English period, the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______  words into English.

33. The basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity is  called a ______.

34. The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes is called ______.

35. Words such as 'vicious, tyrant, determined, famous, notorious' usually indicate the speaker's  attitude towards the person or thing in question. They have ______ meaning in themselves.

36. A word which is related to other words is related to them in ______.

37. Car which used to be a 'two-wheel cart drawn by horses and used in ______ 'has taken on  the meaning 'automobile' with the development of modern car industry.

38. In the sentence 'Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather than in the geocentric  theory.', the word 'heliocentric' is explained by the clue of ______ structure.

39. Due to structural ______ of idioms, the word order of the idiom 'by twos and threes'  cannot be turned into 'by threes and twos'.

40. Against the traditional practice of lexicography, ______ creates an extra column arranged  alongside the definitions.

Ⅲ. Define the following terms. (15% )

41. archaisms

42. stem

43. grammatical meanings

44. amelioration

45. rhetoric characteristics of idioms

Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should  be clear and short. Write your answers in the space  given below. (20%)

46. What are the three periods in view of the development of English vocabulary?

47. What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples.

48. The word 'happy' has two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being negative and the other opposite. What are they?

49. Can you determine the meanings of the following sentences? Explain and make some  alterations in the context so as to pin down the meaning.

 (a) The fish is ready to eat.

 (b) I like Mary better than Jean.

Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your  answers in the space given below. (20%)

50. Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate semantic features and grammatical  features of compounds.

Group 1 　'a green hand', 'flowerpot'

Group 2 　'bad-mouth', 'new-borns'

51. Analyze and comment on the following sentences based on the concept that antonyms differ  in semantic inclusion.

［A］ How tall is his sister?

［B］ How short is his sister?