剑桥雅思13Test2阅读passage2真题+翻译（2）

剑桥雅思13Test2阅读passage2真题+翻译（2） 关于这个问题下面小编就来为各个考生解答下。

剑桥雅思13Test2阅读passage2真题+翻译

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

Oxytocin

催产素

The positive and negative effects of the chemical known as the ‘love hormone’

“爱之荷尔蒙”的积极与消极影响

There were signs of these subtleties from the start. Bartz has recently shown that in almost half of the existing research results, oxytocin influenced only certain individuals or in certain circumstances. Where once researchers took no notice of such findings, now a more nuanced understanding of oxytocin's effects is propelling investigations down new lines. To Bartz, the key to understanding what the hormone does lies in pinpointing its core function rather than in cataloguing its seemingly endless effects. There are several hypotheses which are not mutually exclusive. Oxytocin could help to reduce anxiety and fear. Or it could simply motivate people to seek out social connections. She believes that oxytocin acts as a chemical spotlight that shines on social clues - a shift in posture, a flicker of the eyes, a dip in the voice - making people more attuned to their social environment.

其实从研究之初就有这些微妙差异的表象出现 Bartz近来指出,目前接近一半的实验当中催产素的影响其实只作用在某些人身上,或是作用在某种特定情形中。在以往的研究者们所忽略的这些方面,现在对催产素影响更加细致入微的了解促使我们的研究走向新的方向对于 Bartz来说,了解这种荷尔蒙如何运作的关键是确切地找出它的核心原理,而不是去条分绻析它的无数功效。目前已经有了一些互不矛盾的假说。催产素可以减少焦虑和恐惧。或是说它可以促使人们去寻求社会联系她认为,催产素像一个化学探照灯一样,会聚焦在一些社交元素上,如一个小动作、眼神的忽闪、声音的压低,都能让人们能更好地适应社交环境。这也能解释为什么它能让我们更容易读懂别人的眼神,提高我们察觉情绪的能力。但是,对于那些过度敏感或者易于负面解读社交信号的人来说,它也能让事情变得更糟糕。

This would explain why it makes us more likely to look others in the eye and improves our ability to identify emotions. But it could also make things worse for people who are overly sensitive or prone to interpreting social cues in the worst light. Perhaps we should not be surprised that the oxytocin story has become more perplexing. The hormone is found in everything from octopuses to sheep, and its evolutionary roots stretch back half a billion years. 'It's a very simple and ancient molecule that has been co-opted for many different functions,，says Sue Carter at the University of Illinois, Chicago, USA. ‘It affects primitive parts of the brain like the amygdala, so it's going to have many effects on just about everything.' Bartz agrees. ‘Oxytocin probably does some very basic things, but once you add our higher-order thinking and social situations, these basic processes could manifest in different ways depending on individual differences and context.’

F 或许对于催产素的复杂作用我们不必过于惊讶。这种荷尔蒙在各种生物中皆有发现,从章鱼到山羊,它的进化可追溯到将近5亿年前:“这是种非常原始、古老的分子,能和不同物质结合做各种功用,”美国芝加哥伊利诺斯大学的 Sue carter说。“它能左右我们大脑中的原始区域,例如杏仁核,所以它基本上能影响所有事情。” Bartz表示同意。“催产素可能做的事情都很基础,但你一旦把它与我们(人类)更的思维方式与社交活动联系起来,这些基础的过程就会因人而异,视环境而定,展现出多种多样的反应”。

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