剑桥雅思真题15阅读解析：List of Headings

剑桥雅思真题15阅读解析：List of Headings

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 63 and 64.

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Getting the finance for production

ii An unexpected benefit

iii From initial inspiration to new product

iv The range of potential customers for the device

v What makes the device different from alternatives

vi Cleaning water from a range of sources

vii Overcoming production difficulties

viii Profit not the primary goal

ix A warm welcome for the device

x The number of people affected by water shortages

14 Section A

15 Section B

16 Section C

17 Section D

18 Section E

19 Section F

20 Section G

The Desolenator: producing clean water

ATravelling around Thailand in the 1990s, William Janssen was impressed with the basic rooftop solar heating systems that were on many homes, where energy from the sun was absorbed by a plate and then used to heat water for domestic use. Two decades later Janssen developed that basic idea he saw in Southeast Asia into a portable device that uses the power from the sun to purify water.

BThe Desolenator operates as a mobile desalination unit that can take water from different places, such as the sea, rivers, boreholes and rain, and purify it for human consumption. It is particularly valuable in regions where natural groundwater reserves have been polluted, or where seawater is the only water source available.

Janssen saw that there was a need for a sustainable way to clean water in both the developing and the developed countries when he moved to the United Arab Emirates and saw large-scale water processing. 'I was confronted with the enormous carbon footprint that the Gulf nations have because of all of the desalination that they do,' he says.

CThe Desolenator can produce 15 litres of drinking water per day, enough to sustain a family for cooking and drinking. Its main selling point is that unlike standard desalination techniques, it doesn't require a generated power supply: just sunlight. It measures 120 cm by 90 cm, and is easy to transport, thanks to its two wheels. Water enters through a pipe, and flows as a thin film between a sheet of double glazing and the surface of a solar panel, where it is heated by the sun. The warm water flows into a small boiler (heated by a solar-powered battery) where it is converted to steam. When the steam cools, it becomes distilled water. The device has a very simple filter to trap particles, and this can easily be shaken to remove them. There are two tubes for liquid coming out: one for the waste - salt from seawater, fluoride, etc. - and another for the distilled water. The performance of the unit is shown on an LCD screen and transmitted to the company which provides servicing when necessary.

DA recent analysis found that at least two-thirds of the world's population lives with severe water scarcity for at least a month every year. Janssen says that by 2030 half of the world's population will be living with water stress - where the demand exceeds the supply over a certain period of time. 4 It is really important that a sustainable solution is brought to the market that is able to help these people/ he says. Many countries 'don't have the money for desalination plants, which are very expensive to build. They don't have the money to operate them, they are very maintenance intensive, and they don't have the money to buy the diesel to run the desalination plants, so it is a really bad situation?

EThe device is aimed at a wide variety of users - from homeowners in the developing world who do not have a constant supply of water to people living off the grid in rural parts of the US. The first commercial versions of the Desolenator are expected to be in operation in India early next year, after field tests are carried out. The market for the self-sufficient devices in developing countries is twofold - those who cannot afford the money for the device outright and pay through microfinance, and middle-income homes that can lease their own equipment. 'People in India don't pay for a fridge outright; they pay for it over six months. They would put the Desolenator on their roof and hook it up to their municipal supply and they would get very reliable drinking water on a daily basis/ Janssen says. In the developed world, it is aimed at niche markets where tap water is unavailable - for camping, on boats, or for the military, for instance.

FPrices will vary according to where it is bought. In the developing world, the price will depend on what deal aid organisations can negotiate. In developed countries, it is likely to come in at $1,000 (685) a unit, said Janssen. 4 We are a venture with a social mission. We are aware that the product we have envisioned is mainly finding application in the developing world and humanitarian sector and that this is the way we will proceed. We do realise, though, that to be a viable company there is a bottom line to keep in mind, he says.

GThe company itself is based at Imperial College London, although Janssen, its chief executive, still lives in the UAE. It has raised 340,000 in funding so far. Within two years, he says, the company aims to be selling 1,000 units a month, mainly in the humanitarian field. They are expected to be sold in areas such as Australia, northern Chile, Peru, Texas and California.

Questions 21-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.

How the Desolenator works

The energy required to operate the Desolenator comes from sunlight. The device can be used in different locations, as it has 21………….. .Water is fed into a pipe, and a 22………….. of water flows over a solar panel. The water then enters a boiler, where it turns into steam. Any particles in the water are caught in a 23………….. .The purified water comes out through one tube, and all types of 24………….. come out through another. A screen displays the 25………….. of the device, and transmits the information to the company so that they know when the Desolenator requires 26………….. .

答案解析

Question 14

答案：F

关键词：avoided

解题思路：如前文中已经多次提到的那样：在“段落匹配信息”这种类型的题目中，大概率会有诸如reference、account、mention这类词汇出现，它们表达的意思都是“提到、说到”，考生切勿将此处的reference理解为此词的其他意义，如“参考”等，徒增理解难度。本题定位不难，无论考生是选择平行阅读、逐句读懂大意（则会发现F段的前三句话都是围绕这个内容展开的），还是只在文中聚焦寻找“避免更多物种灭绝”这个信息点（则会在第三句原文中找到prevent这个词可以直接对应于题干中的avoid），都不难发现正确答案出处。如果是运用平行阅读法，同时照顾几个题型的解答，则还有意外收获：同样在这个答案句里还提及了人名观点匹配中第24题的对应信息。

Question 15

答案：A

关键词：reproducing, DNA, only

解题思路：本题所对应的原文句中包含了较多比较生僻的词汇，例如fertilised和embryo（尽管这两个单词在“动物类”题材的雅思阅读文章中其实出镜率也都不低），但是这些较为陌生的词汇其实并不会影响到考生对于整个句子的大体理解，因此也就不影响考生看出本句说的就是“利用克隆技术把已灭绝鸽子的DNA放在另一种近亲鸽子身上孕育、进而复活前者”，从而对应得出正确答案。一个句子中出现若干个生僻词汇、从而可能会给考生充分理解句子的意思造成一定障碍的现象，其实在雅思阅读文章中非常常见。在考场上不允许查单词的情况下，考生需要拥有冷静的心态和平时积累的分析长句结构的能力，就可以在不一定认识所有单词的情况下，仍然能看懂句子大意从而解题。

Question 16

答案：D

关键词：habitat, suffered

解题思路：如果是运用平行阅读的方法，本题的定位和理解就都不困难，因为在有了D段前三句对于旅鸽和斑尾鸽筑巢习性的对比描述这个背景下，考生可以在读到第四句时轻松得出正确答案；如果单纯去寻找habitat或suffer这些题干词在原文中的对应，最终也是能找到答案的，但可能会耗费更多时间，因为定位了单词以后还是需要通读整个句子来进一步确认，反而不如依次阅读每句的速度更快、理解更顺畅。

Question 17

答案：A

关键词：exact point

解题思路：本题在文章中的出处比较靠前，理解难度也比较低，是这部分题型中比较友好的一道题目。即使考生在阅读题干时并没有直接理解到exact point在此处暗含着“时间点”这个信息，其实也能在读到文章中相应描述的时候，将原句内容与本题题干进行匹配，从而得出正确答案。

Question 18

答案：genetic traits

关键词：Professor George Church

解题思路：本题的定位难度极低，无论是人名大写信息George Church，还是一模一样出现在原文中的tundra这个词，都能帮考生轻松找到答案句出处附近；同时，题干表述enabled与原文made it possible之间的同义替换也非常明显，由此可知答案应为：genetic traits。

Question 19

答案：heat loss

关键词：physical adaptations, minimise

解题思路：本题的定位与上一道题距离并不远，且题干中的adaptations 在原文中一模一样地出现了，另一个帮助定位答案的题干词minimise与原文中reduce的同义替换表述关系也十分明显，且这两个词都是雅思阅读文章中的常客，考生要顺利得出答案为heat loss并不困难。

Question 20

答案：ears

关键词：thicker hair, reduced size

解题思路：本题与下一题出自同一个答案句，题干中和两个空格形成并列关系的thicker hair是一模一样地出现在原文中的，考生完全可以凭借这个词组定位到大致句中位置，再利用题干中reduced size与原文更为直白的表述smaller之间的对应关系，轻松得出答案为：ears。 如果一定要说有什么困难之处，大约就是本题和下一题的岀题位置跟第19题的出处略有乱序，但是由于三者都处在同一个长难句的范围之内，所以虽然乱序，但答案也相隔不远，并不会对考生阅读和答题造成实质性的干扰。

Question 21

答案：(insulating) fat

关键词：more

解题思路：本题与上一题是并列关系，定位后对比分析题干，即可轻松得出答案为：insulating fat。

Question 22

答案：(carbon) emissions

关键词：reduce temperatures, decrease

解题思路：由于答案出处位置比较集中，所以考生在解答完前面的题目、顺序向下阅读的过程中，很快就能在原文中定位到reduce这个与题干中的decrease同义替换、且在雅思听说读写各科目中都高频出现的单词，进而顺利得出答案为：carbon emissions。

Question 23

答案：B

关键词：Michael Archer

解题思路：考生解答此题的速度，在一定程度上取决于自身的单词量高低。如果在利用大写人名Michael Archer定位到B段后，在阅读第三句话时认识syndrome“疾病症状”、threaten“威胁”、resident“居住者”这些单词的意思，其实已经能得出“袋狼灭绝以后，另一种本地生物袋獐受到了疾病威胁”这个理解，进而在下一句中从would have prevented这个虚拟语气的表达中得出结论：如果袋狼能在本地复活，其实袋獴就不会受到这么大的威胁，由此可以顺利得出正确答案为本句人名对应的选项B。但是如果并不认识上面说到的词汇，对虚拟语气的意思表达也不够敏感，则可能需要拿出耐心来、多往下再看两句话，也能根据难度更低的词汇和句子大意的表达，得出同样的结论。

Question 24

答案：C

关键词：Beth Shapiro

解题思路：本题的难度比较高，其中最主要的原因是：Beth Shapiro这个人名第一次出现的位置是在文章的C段中；然而这一段重点表达的意思是“用已灭绝动物的DNA片段和这种动物的近亲物种可以杂交出一种类似但并非完全一样的生物”，完全没有提及“聚焦物种灭绝原因”这个信息。这无疑对考生提升阅读速度、准确理解句子大意、甚至是保持稳定的心态都提出了一定挑战。在此提示考生：做题的本质一方面在于准确对应到正确的答案出处，但另一方面在于当发现所读之处并不对应问题信息的时候，需及时果断做出判定，继续向后文中寻找还未看过的文章部分，而不是轻易产生自我怀疑和动摇，盲目回读之前的内容。当然，这种果断需建立在平时进行语句篇章分析练习、对自己准确读懂句意这一点有自信的基础之上。 而一旦具备了这个自信、判定C段Shapiro所表达的内容与解题无关之后，考生即可迅速去定位这个人名的下一个出处，从而在F段的第三句里找到正确的对应。

Question 25

答案：A

关键词：Ben Novak

解题思路：本题的难点与上一道题类似，同样是因为人名Ben Novak第一次出现的位置是在A段，然而A段中却并没有任何表述了题干对应信息的语句，所以考生需及时判定并转而寻找下一次的人名出处，从而定位到D段。同时，在定位之后，虽然通过第四句话中trees and branches这个信息与题干中vegetation这个上义下义之间的同义替换，确实能获得强烈的暗示，但要百分之百确定此处为正确答案对应处的话，考生最好还是耐心向下文再多看几句，从而最终敲定正确答案为人名对应的选项A。

Question 26

答案：C

关键词：Beth Shapiro

解题思路：本题的定位距离同样对应于Shapiro这个人名的另外一个观点表述，也就是第24题的答案出处，并不算很远；考生在定位到本段人名Shapiro和找到24题答案后，只需再耐心确认一下后文的几句话，发现还是同一个人在继续表达观点，原本就应该再向后阅读几句，查对是否还有其他对应题目的表述。本题的难度来自于答案的对应点在全文最后一段的最后一句话里，考生需一直读到此处，才能轻松看出原文中的not enough这个表述正是直接对应于题干里的insufficient，且本段也确实是在说“保护各种各样的物种”这个话题，从而准确匹配到正确答案为C。

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